據(jù)油價(jià)網(wǎng)2021年7月8日報(bào)道，氫已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)轟動(dòng)能源行業(yè)的流行詞。 盡管一些依賴化石燃料的國家感到威脅，但其他國家看到了機(jī)遇。 雖然懷疑論者一開始將其斥為“炒作”，但政策制定者和那些相信技術(shù)未來的私營部門人士已經(jīng)穩(wěn)步增加了賭注。 越來越明顯的是，氫的使用(無論是綠氫、藍(lán)氫還是其他顏色氫)不是“是否”的問題，而是“何時(shí)”的問題。 許多媒體一直在報(bào)道氫的潛力及其在能源轉(zhuǎn)型中的價(jià)值。 例如，《油價(jià)網(wǎng)》曾多次向其讀者介紹德國、日本和挪威等幾個(gè)國家改變模式的計(jì)劃。 比賽開始了，賭注很大。 然而，人們可能提出一個(gè)合理的問題：在這項(xiàng)技術(shù)尚未證明其價(jià)值的情況下，如此大規(guī)模的投資氫是否有意義?

首先，氫在某些行業(yè)的重要性毋庸置疑，如化工、鋼鐵和煉油，以及運(yùn)輸(如重型、船舶和飛機(jī))。 此外，專家們指出，氫可以在能源部門發(fā)揮補(bǔ)充作用，能源部門將越來越依賴太陽能和風(fēng)能等間歇性能源。 調(diào)峰增加電力的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，否則電力將被減少，減少的電力能夠用來生產(chǎn)氫氣。

此外，能源載體的儲存特性使其成為洲際貿(mào)易的潛在商品。 盡管有這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但它的使用也有局限性。

最重要的是生產(chǎn)和轉(zhuǎn)換過程中的能量損失。 當(dāng)使用燃料電池時(shí)，大約20- 25%在電解過程中損耗，另外50%在轉(zhuǎn)換過程中損耗，從而使整個(gè)過程效率降到35%。 隨著能源轉(zhuǎn)型的推進(jìn)，我們可能會看到更有效的轉(zhuǎn)換過程和成本降低。 然而，與此同時(shí)，替代能源存儲技術(shù)和電池也會變得更便宜。

然而，能源公司、投資者和政策制定者正在制定計(jì)劃，以大規(guī)模啟動(dòng)氫經(jīng)濟(jì)。 項(xiàng)目的清單每天都在增加。 消息靈通的在線媒體Recharge在2020年12月發(fā)布了一份世界上最大的氫項(xiàng)目名單。 到2030年，13個(gè)項(xiàng)目的裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到50吉瓦。 在6個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，該名單已經(jīng)增加到207吉瓦。

考慮到目前綠氫(從可持續(xù)來源生產(chǎn))的生產(chǎn)能力只是2030年計(jì)劃的一小部分，這是一個(gè)顯著的發(fā)展。 然而，在行業(yè)內(nèi)，由于四個(gè)原因，預(yù)計(jì)成本將會下降。

首先，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)將顯著降低生產(chǎn)成本。 第二，投資可持續(xù)技術(shù)已經(jīng)變得有利可圖，這意味著金融機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整了它們的投資范圍。 第三，主要是工業(yè)化國家的政府強(qiáng)烈支持脫碳，這就加強(qiáng)了氫的使用。 最后，風(fēng)能和太陽能的大規(guī)模發(fā)展將為電解槽提供廉價(jià)的電力。

“氫熱”在歐洲特別強(qiáng)烈，歐洲和東亞都是嚴(yán)重依賴進(jìn)口化石燃料的地區(qū)。 1973年，由于石油危機(jī)，外國能源來源和高度依賴造成了重大沖擊。 它為西方國家開辟了開發(fā)北海資源的道路，雖然北海資源成本較高，但在政治上是安全的。 當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)的氫氣也能提供同樣的好處。

進(jìn)口依賴仍然是歐洲大陸的一個(gè)問題，因?yàn)闅W洲大陸的天然氣儲量正在減少，對俄羅斯進(jìn)口的依賴仍然存在。 因此，氫是一個(gè)機(jī)會，可以減少政治依賴，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)。

然而，這些既定目標(biāo)能否實(shí)現(xiàn)仍然不確定。 創(chuàng)造一個(gè)全新的全球氫市場伴隨著一系列獨(dú)特的挑戰(zhàn)。 首先，主要是歐洲、北美和東亞的多個(gè)政府制定了高目標(biāo)，只有通過長期承諾和財(cái)政支持才能實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)。 第二，需要解決“先有雞還是先有蛋”的困境：擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)和需求，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)市場。

李峻 編譯自 油價(jià)網(wǎng)

原文如下：

The Mega-Challenge Of Creating A Global Hydrogen Market

Hydrogen has become a buzzword that has stirred the energy industry. Although some fossil fuel-dependent countries feel threatened, others see opportunities. And while skeptics first dismissed it as a 'hype', policymakers and those in the private sector that believe in the technology’s future, have steadily increased the stakes. It is becoming clear that the application of hydrogen (whether green, blue, or another color) isn't a matter of ‘if’ but ‘when’. Many media outlets have been reporting on the potential of hydrogen and its value for the energy transition. Oilprice.com, for example, has on multiple occasions informed its readers on the paradigm-changing plans of several countries such as Germany, Japan, and Norway, to name some. The race is on and the stakes are high. However, one can ask the legitimate question of whether the massive investments make sense when the technology hasn’t proven its value yet.

For starters, the importance of hydrogen in certain sectors is unquestionable in hard to abate industries (e.g. chemicals, steel, and refineries) and transportation (e.g. heavy-duty, ships, and planes). Also, experts point out the complementary role hydrogen can play in the energy sector which will increasingly rely on intermittent sources such as solar and wind power. Peak shaving adds financial value to electricity that would otherwise be curtailed which instead can be used to produce hydrogen.

Furthermore, the energy carrier’s storage characteristics make it a potential commodity for intercontinental trade. Despite these advantages, there are limitations to its use.

The most important being energy losses in the production and conversion processes. Approximately 20-25 percent is lost during electrolysis and another 50 percent in the conversion process when using a fuel cell resulting in an overall process efficiency of 35 percent. As the energy transition advances, we may see more effective conversion processes and cost reductions. In the meantime, however, alternative energy storage technology and batteries could also become cheaper.

Nevertheless, energy companies, investors, and policymakers are making plans to kickstart the hydrogen economy in a big way. The list of projects is increasing by the day. The well-informed online media outlet Recharge published a list of the world's largest hydrogen projects in December 2020. At the time 13 projects were adding up to 50 GW until 2030. In six months the list has increased to 207 GW.

It is a remarkable development considering that the current production capacity of green hydrogen (produced from sustainable sources) is just a fraction of what is planned around 2030. However, within the industry, the expectation is that cost will decrease due to four reasons.

First, mass production and economies of scale will reduce production costs significantly. Second, investing in sustainable technologies has become profitable meaning financial institutions have adjusted their scope. Third, governments in primarily the industrialized world are strongly in favor of decarbonization which strengthens the case for hydrogen. Lastly, the massive growth of wind and solar will provide cheap electricity that can be used in electrolyzers.

The ‘hydrogen fever’ is especially strong in Europe which, together with East Asia, is a region heavily dependent on the import of fossil fuels. The foreign sourcing of energy and high dependency caused a major shock in 1973 due to the oil crisis. It set the course for Western countries to develop the more expensive but politically secure resources of the North Sea. Locally produced hydrogen could offer the same benefit.

import dependency is still an issue on the continent as domestic natural gas reserves are dwindling and the dependence on Russian imports remains. Hydrogen, therefore, is an opportunity to decrease political dependence while strengthening the local economy.

Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether the stated goals will be reached. Creating a brand-new market comes with a unique set of challenges. First, multiple governments in primarily Europe but also North America and East Asia have set high targets that can only be reached through long-term commitments and financial support. Second, the chicken-or-the-egg dilemma needs to be resolved: scale up production and demand to create a market.

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